InReef Nuggets 4we recountedMacropharyngodonand our personal experience with maintaining a harem usingM. vivienaeas an example. Today’s installation will aim at covering a topic that’s widely discussed, and on a subject that is ubiquitous and iconic in both the reefs of the ocean as well as our homes.Pseudanthias在水族馆最喜欢的列表和sta吗ples, with an impressive repertoire of species that range from fairly affordable shallow water members, to deepwater jewels that command a premium. The genus, as liquid as its form and variability, sees the same inconsistencies with regards to the husbandry requirements of individual species. Not allPseudanthiasare the same, but with exception of a handful of species, a general guideline can be established.
I think as with every article describing a particular set of fish, it’s always best to start from the beginning. That is, what are Anthias? Anthias are an extension of the family Serranidae, which houses mainly large predatory groupers. The familiar fairy type fish we’re accustomed to seeing are nestled within Anthiinae, a subfamily of mostly planktonic feeding smaller sized fish. Anthiinae contains roughly 17 or so genera, and by and large the most populous and popular genus within this subfamily isPseudanthias.
Pseudanthiashas a rich history dating back to the 1800’s, where many of the species were once placed in the (now only Atlantic and Mediterranean) genusAnthias. Long story short, the smaller more colourful “Anthias” were decidedly different enough to warrant placement in a new genus,Pseudanthias, which literally means “false-anthias”, with reference to their once original placement in the former genus.
Today, there are slightly under a hundred species ofPseudanthias, with many currently undescribed which will no doubt add to the growing number. Many of them are deepwater denizens that have managed to escape the clutches of science so far, but with more exploration in the recent years, their days of remaining unknown are numbered.
Ask any amateur or professional diver and they will tell you that even a school of the most mundanePseudanthias squamipinnisis a real treasure and a sight to behold. Who wouldn’t like seeing big schools ofPseudanthiasorLuzonichthys聚集在一个打滚质量高于珊瑚的颜色?I know I do, and if you don’t, then something’s probably not right.
Not everything is rainbows and butterflies in the life of aPseudanthiashowever.Pseudanthiasare some of the best known reef fish to display protogynous hermaphroditism, a phenomenon whereby females are capable of sex changing into males depending on social cues. Ourearlier article on hermaphroditismcovers this pretty thoroughly, and would be a good starting point should you find yourself unfamiliar with this terminology.
What this means is that unlike egalitarian schools,Pseudanthiaslead a very competitive life with a complex social and hierarchical standing. A look at a classic shoal ofP. tuka例如,可能揭示几百个人,where juveniles and females vastly outnumber the males. The females may outnumber males by a ratio of about 1 : 8, or more, depending on the species and the geographical area of existence. Males are the most dominant individuals within the shoal, and will make high speed U-turns coupled with heightened coloration to demonstrate their prowess, as well as to suppress their females, and defend their territory. Territories of males are directly influenced by the density of females, and can vary.
Under the direct dominance of the males are the numerous females and juveniles, and even within this class, a hierarchy is established and maintained. Females are aggressive towards smaller conspecifics, and those smaller conspecifics are in turn aggressive towards smaller juveniles. A cast system of dominance is seen from the largest to the smallest, and this is displayed by chasing, fin nipping and fin flaring.
In typical protogynous hermaphroditic fashion, when the male dies, the next most dominant and largest female in line takes its place. That former female will in turn be replaced by the next most dominant one, and so on and so forth. In the wild, this is acceptable and not detrimental because of the relatively huge territory of a particular coral reef, and the sheer number of individuals. Aggression is spread out amongst many fish and over a large area.
Pseudanthiasspecies typically fall within a few categories. Shallow water species, deepwater species, species that prefer high flow, and species that prefer slower moving waters. Some species overlap in the categories, such asPseudanthias ventralis.P. ventralisis a deepwater species that prefers living in slower moving water.Pseudanthias disparis shallow in its distribution, and prefers swimming above coral heads with faster moving currents.
Whatever the preference of depth and habitat, allPseudanthiasare planktivorous fish that hover in the water column to pick floating zooplankton and other small morsels. They are also sexually dichromatic and dimorphic, with males often sporting more luxurious coloration and trailing filamentous extensions on their fins.
Now that the basic foundation forPseudanthiasis set, we can begin exploring appropriate ways to maintain them in a reef aquarium setting. For me, I feel the three most important factors to consider aretank mates and how many individuals you should keep,feedingandflow. Feeding and flow are two very important factors that are intertwined and very related. We’ll discuss more about this later.
Tank mates + how manyPseudanthias?
Recreating a group ofPseudanthiasin your aquarium is very tricky. Although it looks peaceful and composed in the wild, we’ve mentioned above that a very tumultuous pecking order exists within the shoal and on the metaphorical shoulders of each individual. Because of the small confines of an aquarium, and the fact that it’s not going to house a couple of hundred individuals, the aggression is not likely to get diffused.
Imagine this. A group of “X” number ofPseudanthiaslives in your aquarium. The male suppresses and picks on the females, which in turn picks on the smaller females, which in turn picks on smaller juveniles. The smallest fish at the receiving end is stacked, and receives too much unwanted attention from every individual above the cast. More often than not, these are the ones that will go into hiding, refuse to eat, and slowly pine away.
然而,有对抗的方法。你已经看到n videos of home aquariums with beautiful shoals of anthias, or public aquariums that look just like the ocean. Species selection, group composition, group size, aquarium size as well as feeding are all factors that can help recreate this scene in your own reef.
Some species are generally less belligerent than others, and these would make for better shoaling species.Pseudanthias loriand its complex members, i.e,P. aurulentus,P. flavoguttatusetc are generally less bellicose and tend to stay closer together in an aquarium.P. disparandP. smithvaniziare also good choices. Knowing the temperament of individual species will help greatly in accomplishing your intended outcome. However, a few of these such asP. smithvaniziandP. flavoguttatusare not easy to maintain, and would require additional research and patience should you try.
Not every anthias does best in a group. Some of the more pugnacious and bigger members likeP. fasciatusorP. luzonensisdo better alone, and they have no qualms with that. Maintaining a harem of them would require aquariums way larger than most homes can fit.
Group composition is another important factor one must consider. Like in the wild, a skewed ratio of females/juveniles and males should be maintained. Keeping an all male group would result in incessant fighting and numerous casualties. In general, one male for every four to six females/juveniles is ideal, or if you’re in the mood to watch your fish develop, then an all female/juvenile group is possible. In time, they will sort out the dominance and the most aggressive one will change into a functioning male.
The size of your anthias group is also just as important as its composition. Crowding your tank with many females or juveniles may help to spread the aggression of the male, and is a technique used in many freshwater aquarium keepers maintaining cichlids. The drawback to this is that for smaller aquariums, too many anthias would mean less space for other fish. It is also important to note that if too great a disparity exists between the sexes, and the male is unable to control every female, then there is a possibility that a female may morph into a male, which may cause problems.
Generally speaking for an average sized aquarium, anywhere between six to nine individuals is ok, especially if they’re smaller more petite sized species.
Aquarium size is another major factor to consider. Large aquariums provide more space for smaller more subordinate members to flee away from aggression. It goes without saying that a confined space packed with aggressive conspecifics make for a less than ideal situation.
Feeding is also just as important, and in this scenario it acts as an aggression suppressor. We will go more on feeding proper later on. Feeding can help to ease aggression, as fish tend to become more antagonistic to one another when hungry. Frequent feeding also allows for the weaker members to get their fill, while keeping the larger members more preoccupied. In generalPseudanthiasrequire heavy feedings, because of their high energy lifestyle. Small frequent feedings three to four times a day is optimal.
It is not impossible to maintain a thriving tank filled withPseudanthias. The video above (watch in 1080p HD) of an aquarium in Bangkok shows a tank theming with numerousPseudanthiasof mixed species, living and feeding in harmony. Recreating this takes patience and a lot of planning, but when done right, it makes for an incredible display.
Lastly for this first factor, tank mates should be taken into consideration.Pseudanthiasare often shy when first introduced, and so any large daunting fish is an obvious no go. To ease their transition and to get them feeding, numerous smaller dither fish should be kept.
This is a proven point and one which i’ve been discussing with another friend of mine for years. Both of us maintain reef tanks, with the same species ofPseudanthias, but mine always begin eating first and transition onto prepared pellets and flakes much sooner. Why? In comparison, an aquarium with higher activity from smaller fish such as chromis, wrasses, gobies and other similar fish will elicit a better response during feeding time, drawing the shyerPseudanthiasout. They very often need such dither fishes to “learn” from, and usually a week is enough to get them trying out new food that enter the water column.
Remember,Pseudanthiasare quite social and active and in a tank with very little movement and activity, they fail to thrive. That is however, not true for all species. More solitary and deepwaterPseudanthiasdo prefer the peaceful side of life, but in general, most aquarium species are more fond of the latter.
Feeding
Perhaps the heartbreaking crux of maintaining this genus lies in the feeding.Pseudanthias通常不容易养活,或仅仅是不fed enough. Maintaining these fish in captivity requires a lot of work, and initial heavy feedings. Feeding is influenced by a couple of things, but a few important factors to consider are tank mates, suitability of foods, frequency, and flow.
We’ve discussed tank mates already previously in the above section, and how having dither fish can help in eliciting a feeding response. This might seem like a really trivial thing but trust me, aPseudanthiasin a lifeless tank versus one in a bustling community reef will exhibit a world of difference. I’ve experienced this first hand numerous times.They like company, they like activity.
Mixing up yourPseudanthiasis also a good way to entice a feeding response. In the wild, multi-species crossovers are not uncommon, and more often than not, many differentPseudanthiasoverlap in their territories to feed above the water column. In my tank I am maintainingPseudanthias flavicaudaandPseudanthias cf. aurulentus, two sympatric species in the Coral Sea. Although they don’t usually mix during the day, they often feed together during feeding time.
Suitability of food is another important factor for consideration. It’s pointless to feed nori to a hungryPseudanthias, or large chunks of pelleted foods to let’s sayPseudanthias randalli. Being small planktivorous fish, they are adept and built to pick small floating morsels from the water column, and that is what you should aim for.
Flow is a highly important factor that is correlated to feeding, but we will touch on this more later on. Regarding foods, small meaty morsels such as mysid or brine shrimp make for excellent starters. If yourPseudanthiasis particularly picky, then live brine shrimp, artemia or cyclopeeze will usually do the trick. A healthyPseudanthiasin good condition will find it difficult to resist at least the three listed food options.
One particular food option that I personally have a lot of success with is grated seafood. This might come as a shock to some, in regards to its simplicity. Over the years of maintaing reef aquariums, I have kept numerousPseudanthiasspecies but not once have I ever dabbled in selcon, or garlic or other fancy additives. Using a simple kitchen microplane (it’s best to have one dedicated for your aquarium) to grate fine shavings of frozen shrimp or squid is an excellent way to entice a reluctantPseudanthias.
Freezing the shrimp or squid before grating will make it much easier. Nobody said keepingPseudanthiaswould be good for your water. Needless to say, adequate skimming and husbandry is needed to maintain such heavy and potent feedings. Turning off the return pumps and letting your shrimp snow circulate around the tank would help greatly, at least for the first few days, in ensuring yourPseudanthiasare getting enough to eat.
Once yourPseudanthiasare feeding well on frozen food, getting them onto dry prepared foods is the next challenge. This often takes time, but a good transition food would be smaller sized pellets such as the one above, mixed in with the usual frozen fare. If your aquarium is full of smaller dither fish that are already accustomed to eating pellets, it is possible that yourPseudanthiaswill pick up this habit sooner.
As mentioned before, small frequent feedings is better than one large feeding.Pseudanthiasare highly active fish, and spend a large amount of their time swimming, often against currents, and displaying. They don’t gorge themselves, and prefer to pick floating foods passively. As such, feedings of three to four times a day would be best. If they are eating something high in energy content like pellets or flakes, then two times a day should be ok, but nothing less.
The mouth of aPseudanthiasis built in such a way that it can allow for a slight hyperextension of its jaw. The photo above shows this pretty clearly, and you can see why with this mouth structure that they are not suited for bottom feeding or picking foods off of surfaces. They are strictly built for open water feeding, and they use this hyperextension to suck their food.
This is very evident in the slow motion YouTube video above, ofPseudanthias squamipinnisfeeding on a small feeder fish. Watch how the jaw slings forward and extends into a funnel, creating a suction that draws their prey in. This is not noticeable in normal speed, but in a slow motion replay such as this, it becomes very evident.
This is a great example of its relation to other fishes in the Serranidae family, and many of the larger groupers hunt by this method as well.
Flow
Perhaps the most misunderstood yet important factor for aPseudanthiasis flow. The entire existence of aPseudanthiasis dependent on flow. As we’ve mentioned at the beginning of this blog post, a good portion ofPseudanthiasare shallow water fish with high activity. They are most often observed riding currents and swimming against a flow, in a stationary manner.
As they do this, they pick up floating food morsels while keeping their bodies in relatively stationary position. To understand what we’re talking about here, the video above of myPseudanthias cf. aurulentusduring feeding helps to properly describe this phenomenon (watch in HD).
Notice how they are actively swimming and moving their bodies, but are not gaining much in terms of distance. This is very clear especially toward the middle of the video. Notice their mouths opening and closing as well, as they pick food off the column while maintaining their position. Unlike other fishes such as wrasses,Pseudanthiasseldom actively chase after their food. They might when they get settled down and greedy, but at least for the first few days and weeks, they will exhibit their wild type behaviour, which is this.
As such, during the initial phase, a tank with no flow will very often not elicit a feeding response, regardless of how much food you introduce. Non-flowing food with dead flow means nothing for a newPseudanthias, and this is highly important during the transition from wild caught to captivity. This is why flow coupled with feeding is emphasised greatly and harped upon numerous times here.
This is of course again, not representative of the entire genus, or family. Please take special note thatnot allPseudanthiaslike flow. As we’ve mentioned before,Pseudanthias ventralis,Pseudanthias hawaiiensis, and various other deeper bodied deep water species can do with a little less flow. Anthias from other genus such asOdontanthias,TosanoidesandSerranocirrhitusare also fans of calmer waters.
Even for fast movingPseudanthias, it is important to provide some area of slack for them to rest. I have observed myPseudanthias flavicaudato occasionally hang around areas of very little flow, sometimes even perched on the rocks or upside down, seemingly “chilling out”.
Flow can make or break yourPseudanthias, and so does feeding. We’ve covered the few main points of what we think is pivotal on keeping this fish, based on our own experience and anecdotal ones. We hope this has been of help, and if you think we’ve missed out anything else that warrants attention, please feel free to leave us a comment at the bottom or on our Facebook page. What are some of your favouritePseudanthias, and are you currently keeping any with great success? Let us know!
